The United States does not have a cohesive national housing plan, [1] relying instead on a host of market-based solutions that are planned and implemented locally and predicated on continuous growth, including tax incentives and zoning changes. This system fails to meet the needs of extremely low-income households : 70% in New York State pay more than half of their income in rent. In New York City, a succession of housing plans by the Koch (252,000 units), Bloomberg (165,000 units), and de Blasio (300,000 units) mayoralties have not stemmed a ballooning affordability crisis.
Rather than doubling down on a system built on land theft, racial exclusion, and the imagined inevitability of growth, we must decouple housing tools from the market and restructure our relationship to both property rights and to land. There is momentum toward such a shift. Advocates in Oregon, New York, and California led successful campaigns for greater tenant protections. A growing New Economy movement rooted in racial justice is seeing the growth of local cooperative economies from Jackson, Mississippi, to New York City. For the first time in decades, housing inequality is a policy priority in Washington, with Democratic presidential primary candidates calling for multi-billion-dollar investments in housing affordability [2] and US Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez proposing nationwide rent regulations and tenant protections.
Ahead of New York’s state and local elections, with a number of candidates entering from the left, we highlight a set of local policies and organizing interventions that would increase New York City’s housing affordability in the short term, while charting a longer-term path to a more economically and racially just housing landscape. Because this scale of change cannot occur without federal support, we also highlight complementary federal proposals.
Redefine housing as a public good, as part of a movement toward economic democracy
Our current system individualizes housing. A more just approach, like a local homes guarantee plan or a universal rental subsidy entitlement, would position housing as a public good like education or transit, implementing advocates’ calls to make housing a human right. Either approach would address the US’s deeply rooted affordability crisis that results in severe rent burdens, evictions, and homelessness. Any major housing commitment should be part of a broader movement toward economic democracy, [3] which would also include minimum-wage guidelines that reflect local housing costs, stronger labor protections, a growing worker cooperative sector, and the cultivation of a democratic and accountable financial sector.
Restructure power over property
New York City’s housing market exacerbates the fundamentally inequitable relationship between landlords and tenants. Stronger renter protections not only reorder these power relationships, but also challenge commodification by limiting real estate’s extraction potential.
This year, the Upstate/Downstate Housing Alliance successfully strengthened New York’s rent laws. [4] However, about 40% of the city’s rentals are still unregulated. A truly universal rent regulation system would not only go further to codify tenants’ rights but also offer an antidote to the competition for population-specific set-asides in subsidized housing. With the legal system as a primary venue for landlord/tenant disputes, the expansion of the existing anti-harassment statutes and right-to-counsel law would complement rent regulation. The federal government could bolster these systems by making funds contingent on their adoption. [5]
Additional expansions of tenants’ rights include right-of-first-refusal laws, [6] which give tenants negotiating power during the sale or foreclosure of a building. These laws work best with dedicated funds for acquisition and leadership development, as well as landlord revenue caps, which mitigate speculation and thus allow community-led projects to compete for sites. Policies that remove access barriers to housing for undocumented people and people who have been incarcerated extend tenant protections to all renters.
In addition to laws that govern property relationships, limits on real-estate capital’s influence over the legislative process strengthen the tenant position. So would funding for community leadership development and organizing.
Housing Justice for All rally, May 2019 © Oksana Mironova
Expand public and nonspeculative housing with a commitment to racial justice
The removal of housing from the speculative market at scale is central to undoing the commodification that undermines housing affordability. This can be achieved through public investment in, and organizing for, alternative housing models that rely on permanent affordability including limited-equity cooperatives and community land trusts. Immediate investment in public housing preservation and a new municipal housing program are complementary paths toward the same goal.
A just housing plan would deprioritize market-driven approaches like the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC), a “dubious trickle-down tax subsidy” [7] that is the primary mechanism for developing new affordable housing in the US today. LIHTC does not fund long-term operations, nor is it targeted to extremely low-income tenants. A more effective use of federal funds could include making Section 8 vouchers an entitlement, [8] which would provide immediate relief to low-income renters and effectively support long-term operations, especially in community land trusts and other forms of nonspeculative housing.
The development of nonspeculative and public housing would require significant investment. Locally, it could come from tax reform and budgeting that privileges housing over incarceration and policing. Federally, rolling back corporate tax cuts could fund millions of deeply and permanently affordable units. [9]
Neither nonspeculative housing nor public ownership [10] within themselves guarantee a commitment to resident control or racial justice ; housing should be democratically governed, with leadership prioritized for people of color. [11] More broadly, a just approach to housing must be developed at all levels of government through an anti-racist and therefore reparative framework. The National Homes Guarantee platform calls on the federal government to study and implement forms of reparations, including financial compensation for the harm done to Black and brown people throughout US history, mortgage principal reduction or cancellation for victims of racist predatory lending, pairing nonspeculative housing with access to zero-interest capital to build family wealth, and enforcing and funding municipalities’ responsibilities to advance fair housing.
Create equitable tax policies for renters
Tax policy should reflect renters’ critical economic role and significant cost burden. Local and federal tax policies reward property owners and punish renters, privileging “income from capital” over “income from work.” A fairer tax system would rechannel tax benefits to low-income renters. For example, a renter tax credit could symbolically elevate renters and help offset rent burdens, [12] as would increasing and expanding the Earned Income Tax Credit.
Address regional inequality
Regional cooperation is needed to fully combat racial and economic housing inequality. Jurisdictions in the New York City metropolitan region could implement tax sharing, looking to models like the Twin Cities Fiscal Disparities Program. Efforts to combat low-density zoning and other exclusionary land-use ordinances are vital to addressing regional segregation but should focus on white-majority suburbs over dense metropolitan areas or diversifying exurbs. Upzonings should be used to expand nonspeculative and public housing models.
A transformative housing plan must not only protect and expand low-income housing now but also challenge underlying structures of racial and economic inequality. Laws and policies that redefine housing as a public good, restructure property relationships and tax policy to favor renters, expand nonspeculative and public housing under the leadership by people of color, and address regional inequality can help achieve these goals. Such a plan would not only depend on a significant retargeting of local and federal public capital and greater accountability from private institutions that profit from predatory practices, but also on sustained housing-justice movement building as both a spur and a safeguard for new policies.
Bibliography
- Austin, A. 2019. “Affordable Housing For All : How We Can Fix the Housing Affordability Crisis”, Demos.
- Davis, J. 2006. “Between devolution and the deep blue sea : What’s a city or state to do ?”, in R. Bratt and M. Stone (eds.), A Right to Housing : Foundation for a New Social Agenda, Philadelphia : Temple University Press, pp. 364–398.
- DeFilippis, J., Stromberg, B. and Williams, O. 2018. “W(h)ither the community in community land trusts ?”, Journal of Urban Affairs, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 755–769.
- Jenkins, D. 2018. “Who segregated America ?”, Public Books, 28 August.
- Foster, S. and Iaione, C. 2016. “The city as a commons”, Yale Law and Policy Review, vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 282–307.
- Katz, A. 2018. “The harm to affordable housing”, The American Prospect, 28 June.
- Madden, D. and Marcuse, P. 2016. In Defense of Housing : The Politics of Crisis, New York : Verso.
- Movement for Black Lives. 2016. A vision for Black lives : Policy demands for Black power, freedom, and justice.
- Regional Plan Association. 2019. “Make New York City property taxes fair”, Fourth Regional Plan.
- Rothstein, R. 2018. The Color of Law : A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America, New York : Liveright Publishing.
- Stein, S. 2019. Capital City : Gentrification and the Real-Estate State, London : Verso.
- Vitale, A. 2017. The End of Policing, New York : Verso.
- Waters, T. and Bach, V. 2015. New York’s Unaffordable Housing Program : Time to End 421‑a, New York : Community Service Society.
